Question of Origins and Indian Indentureship
By Dr. Kwame Nantambu
May 31, 2011In the aftermath of the celebration of Indian Arrival Day on 30 May 2011 in T&T, this article focuses on certain origins and the historical dynamics of Indian Arrival. These origins include the Asian-Chinese Dynasty, "Ganges" River, Indian Originality and the label "Indentured Servants."
Asian-Chinese Dynasty
At the outset, it must be stated that Afrikans ruled all of Asia in the B.C. era. In fact, China's first two most important dynasties, the Xia (2205-1766 B.C.) and Shang/Chang were ruled by Afrikans.
Indeed, the current A.D. Asian facial type of eyes being slanted are characteristic in West Afrika, the Sahara and in South Afrika among the Kong-San Bushmen. These ancient Afrikans brought this facial dynamic when they ruled Asia for centuries and mingled with the indigenous population, just as the Afrikan-Moors did in Euro-Spain from 711-1492 A.D.
The historical records show that the earliest occupants/inhabitants of Asia are Afrikans from ancient Kemet/Egypt. These Afrikans built pyramids in China located near Siang Fu city in the Shensi province.
In addition, the 1st Chinese emperor, Fu-Hsi ("Son of Heaven") 2953-2838 B.C. was a woolly-haired Black-Afrikan man who invented the oracle of " I Ching" or "The Book of Change."
Moreover, the genre of sports called "martial arts" and medicine called " acupuncture " today were all brought by the ancient Afrikans from Kemet/Egypt to China. The proof of all these historical truisms is painted on the walls of the Temple of Ptah . In ancient Kemet/Egypt B.C., Ptah "was the pre-dynastic Mennefer god of craftsmen, pottery and creation. The 'opening of the mouth' ceremony was believed to have been devised by him."
"Ganges" River
The "Ganges" river--- sacred river in India today --- is named in honour of the most famous and powerful Afrikan/Ethiopian King, namely Pharaoh/King Ganges, who invaded, conquered and ruled Asia as far as this river in India circa 1,500 B.C.
Indian Originality
The historical truism is that Indian "Indentured Servants" came from India in May 1845 to Trinidad. They did not come from Indo. Put another way, Indians were the people who came from India; they were not the Indoes who came from Indo.
Ergo, the descendants of these original Indians are now proud Indian-Trinibagonians in May 2011. They are not Indo-Trinbagonians---this label is totally ahistorical and must not only be immediately relegated to the ash heap of T&T's cultural-ethnic history but must also be expunged from T&T's societal lexicon.
By way of elucidation, there exists the Indian Premier League (IPL) in cricket that was established and financed by Indian entrepreneurs/businessmen in India. The IPL was not established and financed by Indo entrepreneurs/businessmen in Indo.
Furthermore, when the IPL was played in South Africa in 2009, it was still called the Indian Premier League. However, if this cricket league were to be played in T&T, would it be suddenly called the Indo Premier League? Another poignant question: How can something and/or somebody be Indian in India but Indo in T&T?
I rest my case!
"Indentured Servants"
In his magnum opus titled Capitalism and Slavery (1938), Dr. Eric Williams asserts:
"The immediate successor of the Amerindians was not the African but 'poor whites.' They were regarded as 'indentured servants' because before leaving England, they had to sign a contract binding them to service for a stipulated period in return for their passage. Others were criminals/convicts who were sent by the British government to serve for a specific time on plantations in the Caribbean." (p.9).
Dynamics of Indian Arrival
In his book titled A Post Emancipation History of the West Indies (1975), Prof. Isaac Dookhan suggests that immigration to the Caribbean was very attractive to the Indians for the following reasons:
- The establishment of the British factory system in India had destroyed Indian domestic industries, including the spinning of cloth and tens of thousands were thrown out of work.
- Famine due to failing crops and high food prices.
- The promise of land for themselves.
- The promise of higher wages in Trinidad and Guyana. In India, labourers were paid between 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 pence a day. In Trinidad, they could earn 2 shillings a day and in Guyana , 1 shilling and 9 pence a day.
- Criminals escaping from police and afraid of returning to the village as well as loafers could go to the colonies.
- Displaced workers in cottage industries and agriculture and labourers experiencing seasonal unemployment were forced to search for work; when they got no jobs, they were ready to listen to the Euro-British recruiters' propaganda.
- Some Indians were led to believe that they could find non-agricultural work as policemen, teachers, clerks, etc, in the Caribbean colonies.
- Contacts with returning relatives and friends who came back home with money encouraged Indians to want to emigrate. (pp.51-52)
The religious breakdown of the Indians who came to Trinidad is as follows: 85.3% Hindus, 14% Muslims and .07% Christians.
Indeed, the last Euro-British ship to bring Indians from India was the "Ganges." The journey from India around the Cape of Good Hope (Afrika) and then to the Caribbean took about five months.
On 30 May 1845, 225 Indians arrived at Nelson Island, Trinidad, on the Muslim-owned vessel "Fath Al Razak." Only six Indians died during that journey via the "Kala Paani" or Middle Passage.
The make-up of the Indians who came to Trinidad consisted of men and women between the ages of 10-30 years; they were from the lower caste (Shudras not the Brahmins); they were agricultural workers; 40 women to 100 men were selected.
On the ships/vessels, single men and women and married couples were separated and given separated cabins.
The Indians came to Trinidad from the following towns in India: Calcutta, Madras, Pondicherry, Punjab, Lahore, Karachi, Bihar, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Mardan and Kashmir. As of this writing ( 29 May 2011), the umbilical, ancestral cord of this historic, unforgettable journey is still etched in the names of streets in St. James--- location, location, location.
The Indian "indentured labourers" were given 5 pounds and five acres of land to remain in the colonies after their contract ended; men received a five-year contract while women got a three-year contract. The salient, stark , historical reality is that the Indian "indentured labourers" received the same treatment from the Euro-British government that was afforded to the Euro-British "poor whites" or "indentured servants."
In the colonies, the Indian "indentured migrants" were required to work only 280 days per year; pregnant women only worked part-time on the plantations while older women looked after the children.
In 1869, the Euro-Trinidad -colonial government opened up Crown Lands for sale and thousands of ex-indentured Indians acquired ten-acre estates.
In 1884, the Euro-colonial-British government established the Peasant Development Programme to assist in the economic development of Indians in Trinidad.
According to Prof. Isaac Dookhan, the Caribbean diasporan indenture dispersal of Indians is as follows: Trinidad, 143,939; Jamaica, 36, 412; Guyana, 238,909 ; St. Lucia 4,354; Grenada , 3,200; St. Vincent, 2,472 and St .Kitts, 337 (p.51). Indian "Indentured labourers" also went to Fiji, Belize, Mauritius, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. In total, 1.5 million Indians left India in this labour-intensive exercise.
On 21 March 1916, the Euro-colonial -British government abolished the Indian indentureship system with effect from 21 March 1917.
Shem Hotep ("I go in peace").
Dr. Kwame Nantambu is a part-time lecturer at Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies.
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